ANTHROPOLOGICAL PARADIGMS IN RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY OF THE SOVIET PERIOD: FORMS OF COEXISTENCE AND INTERACTION

The article deals with the problem of comparativist analysis of philosophical and anthropological concepts in Russian philosophy of the Soviet period on the basis of the paradigmatic approach. The methodology of this approach is the paradigm theory of T. Kuhn, the key methods of which are adapted to the specifics of historical and philosophical research. Taking as a basis the notion of paradigm as a system of ideological and worldview and theoretical and methodological foundations of scientific research, which is common for representatives of a particular scientific direction, the author develops the idea that there are two models of solving human problems in Soviet philosophy: religious-philosophical and philosophical-scientific. Whereas the religious-philosophical model implies the consideration of the problems of the origin of man, the definition of his essence, freedom, meaning and purpose of life within the framework of Christian anthropology, the scientific-philosophical model is based on a strictly materialistic interpretation of philosophical-anthropological problems with reliance on the maxims of natural and social sciences. The article identifies and characterizes three main forms of coexistence and interaction between the adherents of the two paradigms (denial and confrontation; recognition of partial relevance, transition to dialogue and critical assimilation of a number of alternative solutions; the initiative to create a «third paradigm», synthesis of key knowledge of religion and science as a prerequisite for a comprehensive study and understanding of the human phenomenon. It is hypothesised that the current level of Russian philosophical anthropology is largely conditioned by the level reached by Soviet philosophical thought, and that this level can be regarded as a heuristic basis for the development of problems of holistic knowledge of man in the 21st century.